A: The COP allows broader participation and ensures countries keep their promises through a strong system of accountability.

A: PABS is important for ensuring that when countries share pathogens, they also get fair access to vaccines and benefits, particularly for low-income countries.

A: Treaties have more impact because countries’ legislatures approve them, making them enforceable, while regulations aren't binding and are less enforceable.

A: To ensure the government prioritizes PPR, we must rethink development models, emphasizing prevention and early detection of diseases as critical to national security. Investing in health now is essential for our future, rather than waiting for epidemics to disrupt everything.

A: The defining factor is how widespread it is, that is something that we think is a bit too late, kind of an alert system. I think we need to find other parameters to be able to identify pathogens or pandemic potentials and activate those high alert systems before they start spreading beyond certain geographic remits.

A: Key difference between an epidemic and a pandemic is the extent of their spread. However, relying on this distinction alone can be too late. We should develop additional criteria to identify pathogens with pandemic potential and activate high-alert systems before they spread beyond specific geographic areas.